Literature Review of Caregivers Stress and Coping

Literature Review of Caregivers Stress and Coping A Literature review is a critical summary of research on a topic of interest often prepared to put a research problem in context .A literature review helps to lay the foundation for a study and can also inspire new research ideas. A systematic review of literature and appraisal of all the relevant scholarly literature on the specific topic involves an in depth study. An extensive review of literature was done on the related research and non research literature. The literature was reviewed under the following areas and analyzed: Literature related to Caregivers stress The role of the primary caregivers is stressful. They are unable to balance between providing care for a loved one and maintaining their own health status. It has been shown to be influenced by number of factors like duration of care given, functional impairment, dealing with crisis, loss of friends, social isolation, loss of intimacy, anxiety and depression of the caregiver.(Susan Mockos Parks, 2000) A comparative study was conducted among Euro- Americans and Latinos to study the relationship between family burden of schizophrenia and socio cultural context. Findings suggest differences in levels of family distress in relation to socio-cultural factors like gender, ethnicity, diagnosis, and living situation, across cultural and diagnostic groups. ( Jenkins,J.H. and Schumacher ,J.G.1999). Two Indian comparative studies were conducted in different states of India on the caregivers burden of schizophrenia and OCD patients. Ninety two First degree relatives/ spouses were compared. One study showed higher burden in OCD group that was high among spouses than relatives of schizophrenia group . The same author done another study showed higher burden in schizophrenia than OCD. (Guru raj, 2008). The study was conducted to measure the perception of burden by caregivers of patients with schizophrenia at Institute of Mental Health and Hospital, Agra. the Burden Assessment Schedule (BAS) was correlated to spouse, physical and mental health, external support, caregivers routines, support to patient, responsibility-taking, other relatives, patients behavior and caregivers strategy. A number of sample is thirty four caregivers of patient with schizophrenia. A low positive correlation was found between urban domiciles and support of the patient and the caregivers routine. There was a low positive correlation between age less than 30 years and the physical and mental health of the caregiver, and with taking responsibility. (Sunil Srivastava ,2005) This comparative cross-sectional study assessed family burden among caregivers of patients with OCD and schizophrenia in an Indian setting. Findings shows Indian families experience significant degrees of burden in the care of their relatives with OCD and schizophrenia. Relatives demographic characteristics did not influence burden severity. Illness severity and patients disability had a direct positive relationship with perceived family burden. This study suggests to develop local needs based support programme for families of patients with psychiatric disorders in India. (Rammohan, A., 2002) A case study was investigated the incidence of chronic sorrow in parents of chronically mentally ill children like schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Convenience samples of 10 parents (four couples and two mothers) of adult children were interviewed using the Burke/NCRCS Chronic Sorrow questionnaire (Caregiver Version). Results showed that 8 out of 10 parents experienced chronic sorrow and suggested that healthcare professionals could assist them by providing information about their childs illness and by involving them in the treatment process. (Georgene G. Eakes., 2004). A study was examined on psychological distress among Latino family caregivers of adult with schizophrenia. The interview was done by using Zarit Burden Scale. The results shows that younger caregiver age, lower levels of caregivers education, and higher levels of the patients mental illness symptoms were predictive of higher levels of caregivers depressive symptoms. Caregivers perceived burden mediated the relation between patients psychiatric symptoms and caregivers depression. (Sandy. M. Magana., 1997). According to Ascher-Svanum and Sobel the comparative study was conducted to study the caregivers of mentally ill relatives to explore the relationship between gender and perceived levels of burden. Ninety-seven caregivers (76 women, 21 men) were interviewed. Women were found to experience a greater sense of burden and frustration than men in caring for their mentally ill relatives. The authors concluded that women encountered a wide range of difficulties centered on family and child rearing. (Gloria Denise Mays.,1989). A study explores the influences of selected social and psychological factors that are associated with perceived caregiver stress among 263 primary caregivers of the elderly in Allahabad City in northern India. The results indicate that although male caregivers perceived stress depends only on the size of the role overload, female caregivers perceived stress depends on the interrelationship between the size of the role overload and adherence to Asian cultural norms. (Rashmi Gupta.,2010). Literature Related to Coping measures to Reduce caregivers stress A study revealed primary caregivers with more active coping strategies perceive low level burden. This findings suggest the nurses to derive problem focused coping strategies for the caregivers. (Schultz, R.Beach., 1999) A analytical study conducted at Iran to identify caregivers at risk for adverse health effects associated with care giving, the stress, coping, and health. The sample size used was 500 primary caregivers of patients with bipolar disorder. The results shows burdened caregivers had less coping levels, lower mastery and social support. Effective and stigmatized groups had better health outcomes and less service use than the burdened group over time; stigmatized caregivers had poorer self-care than effective caregivers. (Perlick, D.A.., 2008). A descriptive study was examined the effectiveness of a stress relief initiative for primary caregivers of adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) at Taiwan. Seventy-seven primary caregivers of people with ID were selected the study, which involved participation in one stress management workshop (intervention group only) and both groups reading an education booklet on stress management. They found that 22.1% of caregivers in the study were at high risk of depressive stress and in need of mental health consultation; this prevalence was nearly six times that of the general population. The study results show that a face-to-face workshop is an effective way to decrease levels of depressive stress. (Hu, J., 2010). The pilot study was conducted to assess the level of stress experienced by caregivers of brain tumor patients and to examine both their interest in and preferences for stress reduction programs at North Carolina in USA. Convenience sampling technique was used. The sample size is 60 adult caregivers. The study examined the caregivers level of stress, beliefs, past experiences, and preferences in regard to stress reduction programs. A seventy two percent of the caregivers reported elevated stress levels , eighty seven percent caregiver believed that stress reduction techniques can help reduce stress ,eighty one percent caregiver were interested in learning about programs to reduce stress . Overall, sixty five caregivers wanted to receive information about stress reduction programs and seventy three percent caregivers were interested in programs such as exercise to reduce stress. Overall, fourty four percentages of caregivers were interested in participating in the various stress reduct ion programs presented to them in this study. These data provide further evidence that caregivers experience elevated levels of stress and are willing to learn more about and participate in programs to reduce stress .(Keir,S.T.,2007). The descriptive study was to examine the effects of music, progressive muscle relaxation (PMR), and music combined with progressive muscle relaxation on the reduction of anxiety, fatigue, and improvement of quality of life in family hospice caregivers at university of Kansas in USA. Sample size is 32 .The duration of study was 2 weeks. Paired t test indicated that the control and PMR group exhibited a significant difference in pre and posttest quality of life scores. Results shows that a significant correlation between anxiety and quality of life, anxiety and fatigue, fatigue and quality of life. (Choi,Y.K.,2010). A mail survey was conducted using a representative sample of 998 employed Chicago residents who provided informal care for at least one person. Ordinary least squares regression models were computed to examine the relationship between caregiver burden and drinking outcomes. Results suggest that caregivers who experience social and emotional burdens related to care giving are at risk for problematic alcohol use and warrant attention from health care and mental health service professionals. (Rosependa, K.M., 2010). A comparative study conducted in Australia to investigate the relationship between depression, nutritional risk and dietary intake in a population of older caregivers. Mailed questionnaire with sub group participating in a home based interview was used. Seventy-six community dwelling caregivers aged 50 years or over from Victoria, Australia. The data collected related to weight, height, hours of care, depressive symptoms, nutritional risk and appetite, dietary intake and shopping, cooking and meal consumption habits. Results shows thirty two percent of caregivers had depressive symptoms, twenty one percent were at risk of malnutrition, and twenty one percent reported their appetite was bad. Caregivers with depressive symptoms (32%) compared to those with no depressive symptoms (53%) had a poorer appetite (p < 0.05). Of the 20 caregivers who participated in the home interview, 25% reported they ate their meals alone. A result suggests older caregivers had depressive symptoms, were at risk of malnutrition and had poor appetites, although the majorities were overweight or obese. (Torres.S.J.,2010). A randomized comparative trial was undertaken comparing yoga with relaxation in South Australia. One hundred and thirty-one subjects with mild to moderate levels of stress. One hour sessions of relaxation or hatha yoga for 10 weeks .Following the 10 week intervention stress, anxiety and quality of life scores improved over time. Yoga was found to be as effective as relaxation in reducing stress, anxiety and improving health status. Yoga was more effective than relaxation in improving mental health. Vitality, social function and mental health. Yoga appears to provide a comparable improvement in stress, anxiety and health status compared to relaxation.(Smith, C., 2007). A pilot study of a yoga and meditation intervention for dementia caregiver stress. Twelve older female dementia patient family caregivers were participated. This study planned to help caregivers cope with stress. Pre test and post test revealed statistically significant reductions in depression and anxiety and improvements in perceived self-efficacy. These findings suggest that yoga and meditation may be a feasible and effective intervention for family caregivers and may improve affect, coping, physical well-being, and stress management.(Waelde, L. C.,2004).

“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” by William Wordsworth Essay

I chose the poem â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud† by William Wordsworth because I like the imagery in it of dancingdaffodils. Upon closer examination, I realized that most of this imagery is created by the many metaphors and similes Wordsworth uses. In the first line, Wordsworth says â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud.† This is a simile comparing the wondering of a man to a cloud drifting through the sky. I suppose the wandering cloud is lonely because there is nothing up there that high in the sky besides it. It can pass by unnoticed, touching nothing. Also, the image of a cloud brings to mind a light, carefree sort of wandering. The cloud is not bound by any obstacle, but can go wherever the whim of the wind takes it. The next line of poem says â€Å"I saw a crowd, a host, of golden daffodils.† Here Wordsworth is using a metaphor to compare the daffodils to a crowd of people and a host of angels. The word crowd brings to mind an image of the daffodils chattering amongst one another, leaning their heads near each other in the wind. The word host makes them seem like their golden petals are shimmering like golden halos on angels. It is interesting to note that daffodils do have a circular rim of petals in the middle that could look like a halo. Later in the poem Wordsworth uses another simile, saying the dancing of daffodils in the wind is â€Å"continuous as the stars that shine and twinkle on the milky way.† This line creates the image of the wind blowing the tops of random daffodils up and down in a haphazard matter, so they appear to glint momentarily as their faces catch the sun. This goes along with the next metaphor of the daffodils â€Å"tossing their heads in sprightly dance.† Comparing their movement to a dance also makes me think of swirling, swishing yellow skirts moving in harmony. It is also interesting how the first image of the wandering cloud contrasts sharply with the second image of the dancingdaffodils. The cloud drifts in solitude slowly and placidly across the sky, whereas the daffodils hurry to and fro in an energetic, lively scramble. This contrast seems to show that looking at the daffodils made the author feel better than he did before, that they cheered him up. This idea is supported by the last line of poem, where he says his heart â€Å"with pleasure fills, and dances with the daffodils† whenever he thinks of them.

Analysis Of Disney s Disney - 1320 Words

Disney is hard to miss. The umbrella of the Disney Corporation reaches from books and toys to movies, television networks, and radio (Towbin 2003). Beginning around the age of 18 months, cartoons are the most interesting format of media to children (Thompson 1995). When young children spending so much time engaging in these forms of media, the messages they send are very important. When young children- boys and girls are absorbing all this information, aren t consciously aware of the stereotypical messages they are being given(cite). The Disney Princess line was created in 2001 as an advertising and marketing campaign targeted toward young girls (Orenstein 2006). The girls idolize the princesses and look to them as perfect role models to follow. They can become obsessed with perfection. Unfortunately, Disney has come under attack for promoting harmful, unrealistic body types and the narrow ideal of marriage as the happiest of endings for young women. For example, Beauty and the Be ast, Cinderella, Snow White, and The Little Mermaid each display examples of gender stereotyping and objectification. All three of these movies have similar characteristics and story lines. If you look closely at the classic female characters you will see them in the cast as the damsel in distress, barely clothed, and always searching for â€Å"prince charming â€Å"(cite). Female Roles/Stereotypes Watching television has been found to increase gender role stereotyping. It shapes views of women s rolesShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis Of Disney s Disney 927 Words   |  4 Pages SWOT Analysis Strengths: Disney is one of the most prestigious and well-known companies in the world. Disney is also known to be the third largest media corporation internationally as of June 2015, according to Nordic Information Centre for Media and Communication Research (Appendix 1). 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Questions On Communication And Leadership - 1012 Words

Communication and Leadership Elibah Bey Kaplan University This paper will identify and explain the problems of a listening exercise ask appropriate clarifying questions, describe a suitable leadership approach, identify the situational conflict resolution, and describe each step of the communication process relative to the problem. Situational Problems The problem is a voicemail by an employee (Amalya) to her boss wherein she expresses discord amongst team members related to signing an athlete who she suspects could possibly be taking steroids and is preferred by the business’ client. Amalya needs direction on how to address this issue due to the possible impact it may have on the company and client reputation. Addressing these problems properly is critical to the business competitive edge and client’s satisfaction and future relationship. Moreover, a decision needs to be made without complete accurate supporting information of a drug screening. http://extmedia.kaplan.edu/business/Media/MT302/MESH/Unit8Scenario/index.html Clarification Questions As the boss, I would ask this employee the following questions to clarify understanding: †¢ What are the sources of your investigation? †¢ Is your investigation valid and factual? †¢ How do you know that it is not a rumor or gossip about the athlete taking steroids? †¢ Why do you think the athlete refuses to take a drug test? †¢ Do you think that the athlete has a secret related to drug use? †¢ Do you think it isShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship between Playing Multiplayer Online Games and Developing Communication Like Skills886 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween playing multiplayer online games and developing communication like skills. Online multiplayer video games involve thousands of players all over the world who may play solo, in teams, or with one other player. 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History Nature of the Game - 3180 Words

HISTORY NATURE OF THE GAME Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith; a Canadian teacher. It was ï ¬ rst played with a soccer-style ball and peach baskets as the goals. Basketball is a team sport in which two teams of ï ¬ ve players on the court (usually 2 guards, 2 forwards and 1 centre) each try to score points against one another by forcing a ball through a 10 feet (3m) high hoop. The ball can be advanced on the court by dribbling or passing it between teammates. Disruptive physical contact (fouls) is not permitted and there are restrictions on how the ball can be handled (violations). Basketball Game Rule Basketball Games are a test to players agility and endurance, and require remarkable hand-eye coordination on the†¦show more content†¦When you are looking for that option, take the ball in a firm grip and put your body between you and the defender. Regardless of how good you are at dribbling, the defense will always have a greater chance for a steal if you are dribbling the ball instead of gripping it in both hands. Passing Passing is the number 1 option for moving the ball around the court on offense. Passing is quicker than dribbling and so it is a deadly offensive tool for reaching that open man so they can have the shot. Good passes are the hallmark of good teams because most offensive plays are set up by good passes. Shooting Shooting is probably the most practiced skill for new and experienced players. Yet so many people still practice it wrong. In practice all drills should be done at game speed and done as you would under pressure. Players are usually too lazy to do this and instead of practicing the sweet jump shot that they are constantly doing in the game they lazy-it-down to a hop-shot. Instead of jumping to give power they use their arms for the power and the legs give the rest. Practicing the wrong way to shoot is something that players do all the time yet they do not understand why they miss all their jump shots during the game... Rebounding Rebounding can come in two forms - offensive and defensive. Lots of newer player look at rebounding and immediately think that it is a big mans area. Yet this is not so. Rebounding is more than just being big. It evenShow MoreRelated The Natural Violence of Human Nature as Shown Through the Epic Beowulf868 Words   |  4 PagesThe Natural Violence of Human Nature as Shown Through the Epic Beowulf Violence is the way of the game in the world of Beowulf. It is how things get done. It is what people care about. The songs in the Mead Hall are all sung of the great violent epics that took place in the times long gone. When there is no violence that can be perpetrated, these cultures tell stories of violence, so as to release this need for aggression that is somewhere deep with in them. 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Lafluer Trading Company Free Essays

Lafleur Trading Company Lafleur Trading Company was founded in 1975 and has been supplying fine foods and wines to countries all over the world (Apollo Group, 2009). The founders of Lafleur Trading Company believe their products meet the needs of consumers for their lifestyle, health, and ethics. Company leaders offer only products that have passed Canada’s strictest guidelines for organic products (Apollo Group, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Lafluer Trading Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Lafleur Trading Company teams members stand by their company ethics, believe in the company mission, and stand by the values on which the company was founded. Organizational Analysis â€Å"Whether a firm is developing a new business or reformulating direction for an ongoing business, it must determine the basic goals and philosophies that will shape its strategic posture† (Pearce Robinson, 2009, p. 25). To accomplish this effectively, the leaders of Lafleur must have clarity on the organization’s mission, vision, values, and goals. These fundamental concepts serve as the foundation for why and how the organization will do business. Lafleur Trading Company has clearly identified the mission of the organization, which is providing high quality, organic products at competitive prices (Apollo Group, 2011). A company’s mission embodies the unique purpose it serves to meet and is developed with the values the leadership intends to infuse in the execution of its business. At Lafleur, they are committed to a high quality product, which meets the needs of their customers in an ethical manner. The importance for any business to identify its mission is to describe the expectations it plans to meet on a daily basis, expressing the organizational attitude to all its stakeholders. The values the leadership holds dear, like seeking out the most reputable producers of products and certifying those products meet the highest standards, provides insight into the commitment of Lafleur’s leadership to their values and mission. A vision, unlike the mission, is forward-thinking and identifies what the company’s leaders aspire for it to become. Lafleur Trading Company seeks to become the premier supplier of fine foods and wines in the world. This vision cannot be accomplished without clearly expressed goals. Its already impressive list of trading partners indicates the vision and goals for Lafleur was determined early in the organization’s conception. By continuing to make strategic decisions with the mission, vision, values, nd goals in mind, Lafleur is sure to attain a desirable future. Organizational Structure Lafleur Trading Company implemented a divisional organizational structure that allows the Chief Executive Officer to delegate responsibilities to separate department leaders. The decision to use a divisional organizational structure provides Lafleur Trading Company the ability to create departments that consists of experienced individuals in specific duties related to the department. This method creates additional accountability for employees because the department manager delegates a task to an individual or team who is responsible for the competition of that task (Apollo Group, Inc, 2011). Creating individual departments also creates an environment where Lafleur Trading Company can focus on providing customers with quality products at the lowest price because employees in his or her departments focus on his or her assigned task without interruption form other unrelated tasks. This structure allows Lafleur Trading Company to make decisions with better information and in less time because of the concentrated focus in each department. The divisional organizational structure at Lafleur Trading Company consists of four main positions the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), the Chief Information Officer (CIO), the Chief Financial Officer (CFO), and the Chief Operations Officer COO) (Apollo Group, Inc, 2011). The CEO oversees the total operation of the company using information from the CIO, CFO, and COO to determine what actions are appropriate. The CIO is responsible for the information technology aspect of the company, and the CFO oversees the accounting and legal aspect of the company. The COO maintains the general operations of the business that consists of sales, purchasing, warehouse operations, and human resources. Each department manages the responsibilities assigned to them and reports to the CEO who can use the information to make decision with more information about each department involved (John A. Pearce, 2009). Collaboration Process The collaboration process is a process in itself. It involves the process of parties coming together to work through the project. Each party should bring the project together; provide the scope of the project and the expectations. The parties need to understand and be clear on the success and the results of the project and then discuss the specifics. The framework offers the general components of collaboration. The elements include grounding, core foundation, outcomes, process and contextual factors. Grounding is the foundation of collaboration in which the parties get together and share the idea. Core foundation is the mutual idea of the collaborative efforts. Outcomes are the efforts achieved by collaboration and process and contextual factors are what effect the each day actions of the collaboration. Once the process is complete and it has been implemented, the parties are on their way to getting results that they would have not got otherwise. It is important to understand that the process is not for all situations and teamwork is the only way to achieve it. It is important to select the right people, for the right reason, and with the support of management. References Apollo Group, Inc. (2011). Lafleur Trading Company. Retrieved 12 8, 2011, from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Business/Lafleur/intranet. htm Pearce, J. A. II, Robinson, R. B. (2009). Strategic management: Formulation, implementation, and control (11th ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill. How to cite Lafluer Trading Company, Papers

Business Management Essay Example For Students

Business Management Essay Business Management Essay Paper The world of business has undergone radical and dramatic changes in the last decade changes that present extraordinary challenges for the contemporary manager. A manager is an organizational member who is responsible for planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the activities of the organization so that the goals can be achieved. According to a widely referenced study by Henry Mintzberg, managers serve three primary roles: interpersonal, informational, and decision-making. Management is process of administrating and coordinating resources effectively and efficiently in an effort to achieve the goals of the organization. The concept of management within an organization typically occurs in an organizational setting. Smart money is simply capital, and a business needs a lot of it to survive. Today one in ten businesses survive for more than a year. It is hard to start up a successful business today and even harder to maintain a successful business status. An entrepreneur will raise capital through numerous ways. He can look for investors that wish to gain a small silent partnership in the business, loans can be taken from a bank and one of the most common types of capital comes from the stock market. A business owner will take his company public on the stock exchange in order to raise money. While money is being raised, the owner has to determine a ballpark figure on how much he will need to run this business. Today it is said you should have sufficient capital to be able to support your business for two years without returning a profit. After the initial start up is complete then skill and determination is needed to keep the business going. Cost is the area within a business where profit is made. Cost is the amount of money, which is spent to produce the tangible and or intangible goods or services of your business. These costs affect the price of the product and or service that you are selling. One type of cost is called fixed cost. This type of cost is the expense of a business that does not change and are always constant in a business. When money is made, debts are the first initiative to be paid off. Fixed costs include rent, wages to employees, and equipment needed to produce you good and or service. In for example a Flower shop, the fixed costs would be the rent on the building, the payment of the delivery vans, and employee salaries. The other type of costs is called variable cost. This type of cost is one that is ever changing. Again in a Flower shop the variable costs would be a dozen roses. One week a dozen roses may cost the flower shop five dollars to buy them and then they sell them for forty-five dollars. Then the next week the price of the roses my rise by five dollars now costing the flower shop ten so in order for the florist to make the same amount of money as last week he needs to increase his price to the consumer with the increase on price he is paying. The basic main idea of cost is to keep it as low as possible to gain the highest profits. Determining the profit of a business is another major part of management. Profit is the total income that you receive after paying all of your debts. All debts include for example rent, wages, and interest. A general formula to calculate profit is P = R C. This says when total revenue is subtracted from costs or debts you will get you profit earnings. Management is needed to make sure that allocating the necessary resources to in the end cover all of the debts and return a profit makes enough revenue. Salaries are based upon an employees age, skill, knowledge of the business and experience in the .