Saturday, January 25, 2020

Literature Review of Caregivers Stress and Coping

Literature Review of Caregivers Stress and Coping A Literature review is a critical summary of research on a topic of interest often prepared to put a research problem in context .A literature review helps to lay the foundation for a study and can also inspire new research ideas. A systematic review of literature and appraisal of all the relevant scholarly literature on the specific topic involves an in depth study. An extensive review of literature was done on the related research and non research literature. The literature was reviewed under the following areas and analyzed: Literature related to Caregivers stress The role of the primary caregivers is stressful. They are unable to balance between providing care for a loved one and maintaining their own health status. It has been shown to be influenced by number of factors like duration of care given, functional impairment, dealing with crisis, loss of friends, social isolation, loss of intimacy, anxiety and depression of the caregiver.(Susan Mockos Parks, 2000) A comparative study was conducted among Euro- Americans and Latinos to study the relationship between family burden of schizophrenia and socio cultural context. Findings suggest differences in levels of family distress in relation to socio-cultural factors like gender, ethnicity, diagnosis, and living situation, across cultural and diagnostic groups. ( Jenkins,J.H. and Schumacher ,J.G.1999). Two Indian comparative studies were conducted in different states of India on the caregivers burden of schizophrenia and OCD patients. Ninety two First degree relatives/ spouses were compared. One study showed higher burden in OCD group that was high among spouses than relatives of schizophrenia group . The same author done another study showed higher burden in schizophrenia than OCD. (Guru raj, 2008). The study was conducted to measure the perception of burden by caregivers of patients with schizophrenia at Institute of Mental Health and Hospital, Agra. the Burden Assessment Schedule (BAS) was correlated to spouse, physical and mental health, external support, caregivers routines, support to patient, responsibility-taking, other relatives, patients behavior and caregivers strategy. A number of sample is thirty four caregivers of patient with schizophrenia. A low positive correlation was found between urban domiciles and support of the patient and the caregivers routine. There was a low positive correlation between age less than 30 years and the physical and mental health of the caregiver, and with taking responsibility. (Sunil Srivastava ,2005) This comparative cross-sectional study assessed family burden among caregivers of patients with OCD and schizophrenia in an Indian setting. Findings shows Indian families experience significant degrees of burden in the care of their relatives with OCD and schizophrenia. Relatives demographic characteristics did not influence burden severity. Illness severity and patients disability had a direct positive relationship with perceived family burden. This study suggests to develop local needs based support programme for families of patients with psychiatric disorders in India. (Rammohan, A., 2002) A case study was investigated the incidence of chronic sorrow in parents of chronically mentally ill children like schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Convenience samples of 10 parents (four couples and two mothers) of adult children were interviewed using the Burke/NCRCS Chronic Sorrow questionnaire (Caregiver Version). Results showed that 8 out of 10 parents experienced chronic sorrow and suggested that healthcare professionals could assist them by providing information about their childs illness and by involving them in the treatment process. (Georgene G. Eakes., 2004). A study was examined on psychological distress among Latino family caregivers of adult with schizophrenia. The interview was done by using Zarit Burden Scale. The results shows that younger caregiver age, lower levels of caregivers education, and higher levels of the patients mental illness symptoms were predictive of higher levels of caregivers depressive symptoms. Caregivers perceived burden mediated the relation between patients psychiatric symptoms and caregivers depression. (Sandy. M. Magana., 1997). According to Ascher-Svanum and Sobel the comparative study was conducted to study the caregivers of mentally ill relatives to explore the relationship between gender and perceived levels of burden. Ninety-seven caregivers (76 women, 21 men) were interviewed. Women were found to experience a greater sense of burden and frustration than men in caring for their mentally ill relatives. The authors concluded that women encountered a wide range of difficulties centered on family and child rearing. (Gloria Denise Mays.,1989). A study explores the influences of selected social and psychological factors that are associated with perceived caregiver stress among 263 primary caregivers of the elderly in Allahabad City in northern India. The results indicate that although male caregivers perceived stress depends only on the size of the role overload, female caregivers perceived stress depends on the interrelationship between the size of the role overload and adherence to Asian cultural norms. (Rashmi Gupta.,2010). Literature Related to Coping measures to Reduce caregivers stress A study revealed primary caregivers with more active coping strategies perceive low level burden. This findings suggest the nurses to derive problem focused coping strategies for the caregivers. (Schultz, R.Beach., 1999) A analytical study conducted at Iran to identify caregivers at risk for adverse health effects associated with care giving, the stress, coping, and health. The sample size used was 500 primary caregivers of patients with bipolar disorder. The results shows burdened caregivers had less coping levels, lower mastery and social support. Effective and stigmatized groups had better health outcomes and less service use than the burdened group over time; stigmatized caregivers had poorer self-care than effective caregivers. (Perlick, D.A.., 2008). A descriptive study was examined the effectiveness of a stress relief initiative for primary caregivers of adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) at Taiwan. Seventy-seven primary caregivers of people with ID were selected the study, which involved participation in one stress management workshop (intervention group only) and both groups reading an education booklet on stress management. They found that 22.1% of caregivers in the study were at high risk of depressive stress and in need of mental health consultation; this prevalence was nearly six times that of the general population. The study results show that a face-to-face workshop is an effective way to decrease levels of depressive stress. (Hu, J., 2010). The pilot study was conducted to assess the level of stress experienced by caregivers of brain tumor patients and to examine both their interest in and preferences for stress reduction programs at North Carolina in USA. Convenience sampling technique was used. The sample size is 60 adult caregivers. The study examined the caregivers level of stress, beliefs, past experiences, and preferences in regard to stress reduction programs. A seventy two percent of the caregivers reported elevated stress levels , eighty seven percent caregiver believed that stress reduction techniques can help reduce stress ,eighty one percent caregiver were interested in learning about programs to reduce stress . Overall, sixty five caregivers wanted to receive information about stress reduction programs and seventy three percent caregivers were interested in programs such as exercise to reduce stress. Overall, fourty four percentages of caregivers were interested in participating in the various stress reduct ion programs presented to them in this study. These data provide further evidence that caregivers experience elevated levels of stress and are willing to learn more about and participate in programs to reduce stress .(Keir,S.T.,2007). The descriptive study was to examine the effects of music, progressive muscle relaxation (PMR), and music combined with progressive muscle relaxation on the reduction of anxiety, fatigue, and improvement of quality of life in family hospice caregivers at university of Kansas in USA. Sample size is 32 .The duration of study was 2 weeks. Paired t test indicated that the control and PMR group exhibited a significant difference in pre and posttest quality of life scores. Results shows that a significant correlation between anxiety and quality of life, anxiety and fatigue, fatigue and quality of life. (Choi,Y.K.,2010). A mail survey was conducted using a representative sample of 998 employed Chicago residents who provided informal care for at least one person. Ordinary least squares regression models were computed to examine the relationship between caregiver burden and drinking outcomes. Results suggest that caregivers who experience social and emotional burdens related to care giving are at risk for problematic alcohol use and warrant attention from health care and mental health service professionals. (Rosependa, K.M., 2010). A comparative study conducted in Australia to investigate the relationship between depression, nutritional risk and dietary intake in a population of older caregivers. Mailed questionnaire with sub group participating in a home based interview was used. Seventy-six community dwelling caregivers aged 50 years or over from Victoria, Australia. The data collected related to weight, height, hours of care, depressive symptoms, nutritional risk and appetite, dietary intake and shopping, cooking and meal consumption habits. Results shows thirty two percent of caregivers had depressive symptoms, twenty one percent were at risk of malnutrition, and twenty one percent reported their appetite was bad. Caregivers with depressive symptoms (32%) compared to those with no depressive symptoms (53%) had a poorer appetite (p < 0.05). Of the 20 caregivers who participated in the home interview, 25% reported they ate their meals alone. A result suggests older caregivers had depressive symptoms, were at risk of malnutrition and had poor appetites, although the majorities were overweight or obese. (Torres.S.J.,2010). A randomized comparative trial was undertaken comparing yoga with relaxation in South Australia. One hundred and thirty-one subjects with mild to moderate levels of stress. One hour sessions of relaxation or hatha yoga for 10 weeks .Following the 10 week intervention stress, anxiety and quality of life scores improved over time. Yoga was found to be as effective as relaxation in reducing stress, anxiety and improving health status. Yoga was more effective than relaxation in improving mental health. Vitality, social function and mental health. Yoga appears to provide a comparable improvement in stress, anxiety and health status compared to relaxation.(Smith, C., 2007). A pilot study of a yoga and meditation intervention for dementia caregiver stress. Twelve older female dementia patient family caregivers were participated. This study planned to help caregivers cope with stress. Pre test and post test revealed statistically significant reductions in depression and anxiety and improvements in perceived self-efficacy. These findings suggest that yoga and meditation may be a feasible and effective intervention for family caregivers and may improve affect, coping, physical well-being, and stress management.(Waelde, L. C.,2004).

Friday, January 17, 2020

“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” by William Wordsworth Essay

I chose the poem â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud† by William Wordsworth because I like the imagery in it of dancingdaffodils. Upon closer examination, I realized that most of this imagery is created by the many metaphors and similes Wordsworth uses. In the first line, Wordsworth says â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud.† This is a simile comparing the wondering of a man to a cloud drifting through the sky. I suppose the wandering cloud is lonely because there is nothing up there that high in the sky besides it. It can pass by unnoticed, touching nothing. Also, the image of a cloud brings to mind a light, carefree sort of wandering. The cloud is not bound by any obstacle, but can go wherever the whim of the wind takes it. The next line of poem says â€Å"I saw a crowd, a host, of golden daffodils.† Here Wordsworth is using a metaphor to compare the daffodils to a crowd of people and a host of angels. The word crowd brings to mind an image of the daffodils chattering amongst one another, leaning their heads near each other in the wind. The word host makes them seem like their golden petals are shimmering like golden halos on angels. It is interesting to note that daffodils do have a circular rim of petals in the middle that could look like a halo. Later in the poem Wordsworth uses another simile, saying the dancing of daffodils in the wind is â€Å"continuous as the stars that shine and twinkle on the milky way.† This line creates the image of the wind blowing the tops of random daffodils up and down in a haphazard matter, so they appear to glint momentarily as their faces catch the sun. This goes along with the next metaphor of the daffodils â€Å"tossing their heads in sprightly dance.† Comparing their movement to a dance also makes me think of swirling, swishing yellow skirts moving in harmony. It is also interesting how the first image of the wandering cloud contrasts sharply with the second image of the dancingdaffodils. The cloud drifts in solitude slowly and placidly across the sky, whereas the daffodils hurry to and fro in an energetic, lively scramble. This contrast seems to show that looking at the daffodils made the author feel better than he did before, that they cheered him up. This idea is supported by the last line of poem, where he says his heart â€Å"with pleasure fills, and dances with the daffodils† whenever he thinks of them.

Thursday, January 9, 2020

Analysis Of Disney s Disney - 1320 Words

Disney is hard to miss. The umbrella of the Disney Corporation reaches from books and toys to movies, television networks, and radio (Towbin 2003). Beginning around the age of 18 months, cartoons are the most interesting format of media to children (Thompson 1995). When young children spending so much time engaging in these forms of media, the messages they send are very important. When young children- boys and girls are absorbing all this information, aren t consciously aware of the stereotypical messages they are being given(cite). The Disney Princess line was created in 2001 as an advertising and marketing campaign targeted toward young girls (Orenstein 2006). The girls idolize the princesses and look to them as perfect role models to follow. They can become obsessed with perfection. Unfortunately, Disney has come under attack for promoting harmful, unrealistic body types and the narrow ideal of marriage as the happiest of endings for young women. For example, Beauty and the Be ast, Cinderella, Snow White, and The Little Mermaid each display examples of gender stereotyping and objectification. All three of these movies have similar characteristics and story lines. If you look closely at the classic female characters you will see them in the cast as the damsel in distress, barely clothed, and always searching for â€Å"prince charming â€Å"(cite). Female Roles/Stereotypes Watching television has been found to increase gender role stereotyping. It shapes views of women s rolesShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis Of Disney s Disney 927 Words   |  4 Pages SWOT Analysis Strengths: Disney is one of the most prestigious and well-known companies in the world. Disney is also known to be the third largest media corporation internationally as of June 2015, according to Nordic Information Centre for Media and Communication Research (Appendix 1). Disney is known to have strengths with content integration, cash surplus, characters and character trademarks, values with the use of synergy, having a very strong brand image and reputation, diversification ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Disney s Disney Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesPART A Q.1 Disney theme park is world most recognized place to visit in the world as big brand. Hong Kong Disneyland is globally known in the world and has grown rapidly. This theme park is mostly Chinese market oriented as much Chinese entertainment and media spending in this business to grow their market in Asia. The first Disneyland was opened in July 17, 1955 in Los Angeles and the most recent in 2005 in Hong Kong. The issue rise when Tokyo Disneyland was launched in Japan as they bring downRead MoreAnalysis Of Disney s Disney 1907 Words   |  8 PagesResearch Paper: Disney Sami Danielson Hour: 3 â€Å"Between 1931 and 1968, Walt Disney won 32 Academy Awards and still holds the record for the most individual Academy Awards won.† (Walt Disney(1901-1966) ,2013 para. 25) Walt Disney has made an incredible amount of fantastic movies, music and characters that we will always remember. But what were the impacts of these to society? How does Disney affect children, adults and the LGBT community all around the world? Over the years, Walt Disney has changedRead MoreAnalysis Of Disney s Disney 1748 Words   |  7 Pages Portfolio Project: Disney Gregory John Pico AMU Disney in other Countries Each country has differences with how their culture plays a factor on how they do business. Rather it is by certain topics being discussed or a certain way people greet one another. 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Our parents and grandparents were heavily aware of our obsession, how could they not be? I mean someone’s gotta fork over the cash for all those DVDs. Although we had always dreamt of going to Disney, we knew our financial situation would never allow us to†¦ or so we thought. When I was little, I was obsessed with Disney princesses. I know what you’re thinking, aren’t most little girls obsessed with Disney princesses? ToRead MoreAnalysis Of Walt Disney s Magical Disney 1414 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Magical Disney† Can there be a world without Walt Disney? The answer is no, because he has transformed the way of the television and theme park industry that consists in our world today. Walt also brought great teachings and inspirations such as the ability to dream. Walt said,† If you can dream it you can do it. Walt Disney is a wonderful and patriotic man who had a wonderful and happy life doing what he loves, making other s dreams come true. First who is Walt Disney and how did

Wednesday, January 1, 2020

Questions On Communication And Leadership - 1012 Words

Communication and Leadership Elibah Bey Kaplan University This paper will identify and explain the problems of a listening exercise ask appropriate clarifying questions, describe a suitable leadership approach, identify the situational conflict resolution, and describe each step of the communication process relative to the problem. Situational Problems The problem is a voicemail by an employee (Amalya) to her boss wherein she expresses discord amongst team members related to signing an athlete who she suspects could possibly be taking steroids and is preferred by the business’ client. Amalya needs direction on how to address this issue due to the possible impact it may have on the company and client reputation. Addressing these problems properly is critical to the business competitive edge and client’s satisfaction and future relationship. Moreover, a decision needs to be made without complete accurate supporting information of a drug screening. http://extmedia.kaplan.edu/business/Media/MT302/MESH/Unit8Scenario/index.html Clarification Questions As the boss, I would ask this employee the following questions to clarify understanding: †¢ What are the sources of your investigation? †¢ Is your investigation valid and factual? †¢ How do you know that it is not a rumor or gossip about the athlete taking steroids? †¢ Why do you think the athlete refuses to take a drug test? †¢ Do you think that the athlete has a secret related to drug use? †¢ Do you think it isShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship between Playing Multiplayer Online Games and Developing Communication Like Skills886 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween playing multiplayer online games and developing communication like skills. Online multiplayer video games involve thousands of players all over the world who may play solo, in teams, or with one other player. 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They ask hard questions.† Chad also exercises a rephrasing technique listed in chapter two and supported by Guilmartin, (2010) with â€Å"You build trust by revealing how you filtered that person’s communication and by giving him a chance to confirm or clarify what you interpreted.† The second question is listed in two parts for objective two, â€Å"Describe a time where you had to lead a team through change. What leadership skills did you exhibit?† Chad’s answer was, â€Å"IRead MoreLeadership Styles Of Women And Men1713 Words   |  7 Pagesto the Business Dictionary (2015), leadership is defined as the management staff that typically provides inspiration, objectives, operational oversight, and other administrative services to a business. Effective leadership can help prioritize objectives for subordinates and can provide guidance toward achieving the overall corporate vision. Both definitions are gender-free; however, in both cases, the leader is typically male. 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